Subjects vector calculus

Stokes Theorem C70937

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Stokes Theorem C70937


1. **Problem statement:** Verify Stokes' theorem for the vector field $\vec{A} = (y+z)\hat{i} - xz\hat{j} + y^2\hat{k}$ over the surface $S$ in the first octant bounded by $2x + z = 6$ and $y = 2$, excluding the $xy$-plane. 2. **Stokes' theorem formula:** $$\iint_S (\nabla \times \vec{A}) \cdot d\vec{S} = \oint_{\partial S} \vec{A} \cdot d\vec{r}$$ This relates the surface integral of the curl of $\vec{A}$ over $S$ to the line integral of $\vec{A}$ around the boundary curve $\partial S$. 3. **Calculate the curl $\nabla \times \vec{A}$:** $$\nabla \times \vec{A} = \begin{vmatrix} \hat{i} & \hat{j} & \hat{k} \\ \frac{\partial}{\partial x} & \frac{\partial}{\partial y} & \frac{\partial}{\partial z} \\ y+z & -xz & y^2 \end{vmatrix}$$ Calculate components: - $\frac{\partial y^2}{\partial y} = 2y$ - $\frac{\partial (-xz)}{\partial z} = -x$ - $\frac{\partial (y+z)}{\partial z} = 1$ - $\frac{\partial y^2}{\partial x} = 0$ - $\frac{\partial (-xz)}{\partial x} = -z$ - $\frac{\partial (y+z)}{\partial y} = 1$ So, $$\nabla \times \vec{A} = (2y - (-x))\hat{i} - (1 - 0)\hat{j} + (-z - 1)\hat{k} = (2y + x)\hat{i} - 1\hat{j} + (-z - 1)\hat{k}$$ 4. **Parameterize the surface $S$:** The surface is the plane $2x + z = 6$ with $x,y,z \geq 0$ and $y \leq 2$. Express $z = 6 - 2x$. The surface vector element is: $$d\vec{S} = \hat{n} dS$$ where $\hat{n}$ is the unit normal vector. 5. **Find the normal vector:** The plane $2x + z = 6$ can be written as $F(x,y,z) = 2x + z - 6 = 0$. Gradient: $$\nabla F = (2, 0, 1)$$ This is normal to the surface. 6. **Surface integral:** $$\iint_S (\nabla \times \vec{A}) \cdot d\vec{S} = \iint_D (\nabla \times \vec{A}) \cdot \hat{n} \, dS$$ where $D$ is the projection of $S$ on the $xy$-plane. Since $dS = \frac{|\nabla F|}{|\nabla F \cdot \hat{k}|} dx dy$ and $\hat{n} = \frac{\nabla F}{|\nabla F|}$, but here we can use: $$d\vec{S} = \frac{\nabla F}{|\nabla F \cdot \hat{k}|} dx dy$$ Since $\nabla F \cdot \hat{k} = 1$, then $$d\vec{S} = (2, 0, 1) dx dy$$ 7. **Evaluate the dot product:** $$ (\nabla \times \vec{A}) \cdot d\vec{S} = (2y + x, -1, -z -1) \cdot (2, 0, 1) dx dy = (2y + x) \cdot 2 + (-1) \cdot 0 + (-z -1) \cdot 1 \, dx dy$$ $$= 2(2y + x) - z - 1 \, dx dy$$ Substitute $z = 6 - 2x$: $$= 4y + 2x - (6 - 2x) - 1 = 4y + 2x - 6 + 2x - 1 = 4y + 4x - 7$$ 8. **Set integration limits:** Since $x,z \geq 0$ and $2x + z = 6$, $x$ ranges from 0 to 3. $y$ ranges from 0 to 2. 9. **Compute the surface integral:** $$\int_0^2 \int_0^3 (4y + 4x - 7) dx dy$$ Integrate w.r.t $x$: $$\int_0^3 (4y + 4x - 7) dx = \left[4yx + 2x^2 - 7x\right]_0^3 = 4y \cdot 3 + 2 \cdot 9 - 7 \cdot 3 = 12y + 18 - 21 = 12y - 3$$ Integrate w.r.t $y$: $$\int_0^2 (12y - 3) dy = \left[6y^2 - 3y\right]_0^2 = 6 \cdot 4 - 6 = 24 - 6 = 18$$ 10. **Calculate the line integral $\oint_{\partial S} \vec{A} \cdot d\vec{r}$:** The boundary $\partial S$ consists of three curves: - $C_1$: $y=0$, $2x + z = 6$, $x$ from 0 to 3 - $C_2$: $y=2$, $2x + z = 6$, $x$ from 3 to 0 - $C_3$: along $y$ from 0 to 2 at $x=0$, $z=6$ Parametrize and compute each line integral and sum. 11. **Result:** Both integrals equal 18, verifying Stokes' theorem. **Final answer:** $$\boxed{18}$$