1. The problem is to understand how the p-value is found on the GDC (Genomic Data Commons) platform. 2. The p-value is a statistical measure that helps determine the significance of results, often used in hypothesis testing. 3. On GDC, p-values are typically calculated from statistical tests comparing groups, such as gene expression differences between tumor and normal samples. 4. The formula for a p-value depends on the test used, for example, in a t-test, the p-value is derived from the t-distribution: $$p = P(T \geq t_{obs})$$ where $t_{obs}$ is the observed test statistic. 5. Important rules: - The p-value represents the probability of observing data as extreme as the sample, assuming the null hypothesis is true. - A smaller p-value indicates stronger evidence against the null hypothesis. 6. GDC uses standard statistical methods and software to compute these p-values from the data submitted. 7. In summary, the p-value on GDC is found by applying appropriate statistical tests to the genomic data and calculating the probability of observing the test statistic under the null hypothesis.