Max Faulty Probability
1. **State the problem:**
We want to find the maximum value of $p$ such that the probability of no faulty chips $P(\text{no fault})$ is at least 0.92, given the approximate expression from part b:
$$P(\text{no fault}) \approx a + bp + cp^2$$
where $n=200$ and $p < 0.001$.
2. **Recall the approximate expression from part b:**
From the binomial expansion,
$$P(\text{no fault}) = (1-p)^n \approx 1 - np + \frac{n(n-1)}{2}p^2$$
Substituting $n=200$,
$$P(\text{no fault}) \approx 1 - 200p + \frac{200 \times 199}{2} p^2 = 1 - 200p + 19900 p^2$$
So,
$$a=1, \quad b=-200, \quad c=19900$$
3. **Set up the inequality for the desired probability:**
We want
$$P(\text{no fault}) \geq 0.92$$
Using the approximation,
$$1 - 200p + 19900 p^2 \geq 0.92$$
4. **Simplify the inequality:**
$$1 - 200p + 19900 p^2 - 0.92 \geq 0$$
$$0.08 - 200p + 19900 p^2 \geq 0$$
5. **Rewrite as a quadratic inequality:**
$$19900 p^2 - 200 p + 0.08 \geq 0$$
6. **Solve the quadratic equation:**
Set the quadratic equal to zero to find critical points:
$$19900 p^2 - 200 p + 0.08 = 0$$
Use the quadratic formula:
$$p = \frac{200 \pm \sqrt{(-200)^2 - 4 \times 19900 \times 0.08}}{2 \times 19900}$$
Calculate the discriminant:
$$\Delta = 40000 - 4 \times 19900 \times 0.08 = 40000 - 6368 = 33632$$
$$\sqrt{33632} \approx 183.38$$
7. **Calculate the roots:**
$$p_1 = \frac{200 - 183.38}{39800} = \frac{16.62}{39800} \approx 0.000417$$
$$p_2 = \frac{200 + 183.38}{39800} = \frac{383.38}{39800} \approx 0.00963$$
8. **Analyze the inequality:**
Since the quadratic coefficient $19900 > 0$, the parabola opens upwards.
The inequality $\geq 0$ holds outside the roots, i.e., for
$$p \leq 0.000417 \quad \text{or} \quad p \geq 0.00963$$
9. **Apply the domain restriction:**
Given $p < 0.001$, only the interval
$$p \leq 0.000417$$
is valid.
10. **Final answer:**
The maximum value of $p$ to achieve at least 92% probability of no faulty chips is approximately
$$\boxed{0.00042}$$
This means the probability of a single chip being faulty must be less than or equal to about 0.00042 for the company to meet its target.