1. Problem: Find the theoretical probability of drawing certain cards from a standard 52-card deck. The formula for theoretical probability is: $$P(E) = \frac{\text{Number of favorable outcomes}}{\text{Total number of outcomes}}$$ Important rules: - A standard deck has 52 cards. - There are 4 suits: spades, hearts, diamonds, clubs. - Each suit has 13 cards. - Red cards are hearts and diamonds (26 cards). - Black cards are spades and clubs (26 cards). Let's solve part (a): Probability of drawing a spade. 2. Number of spades = 13. 3. Total cards = 52. 4. Probability: $$P(\text{spade}) = \frac{13}{52} = \frac{1}{4} = 0.25$$ Final answer: 0.25 This completes the first question as per instructions.