1. Let's first understand what a contingency is. A contingency is a statement that is neither always true (tautology) nor always false (contradiction). 2. Analyze each statement: - $P \wedge \neg P$ (P AND NOT P): This is a contradiction because P cannot be both true and false at the same time. So this is always false. - $P \lor \neg P$ (P OR NOT P): This is a tautology because either P is true or P is false, so this is always true. - $\neg (P \lor Q)$ (NOT (P OR Q)): This is not always true nor always false, it depends on the truth values of P and Q. When both P and Q are false, the inside $P \lor Q$ is false, so its negation is true. Otherwise, it's false. - $P \wedge Q$ (P AND Q): This depends on P and Q being both true. It is not always true nor always false. It's a contingency. 3. So, the statements $\neg (P \lor Q)$ and $P \wedge Q$ are contingencies. Final answer: The statements $\neg (P \lor Q)$ and $P \wedge Q$ are contingencies.