Fourier Transform
1. Stating the problem:
Given the Fourier transform problem for the function
$$f(x) = \begin{cases} 1, & |x| < 1 \\ 0, & |x| > 1 \end{cases}$$
We want to find the Fourier transform $$F(\lambda) = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} f(x) e^{-i \lambda x} dx$$.
Also, we want to find
$$\int_0^\infty \frac{\sin \lambda}{\lambda} d\lambda.$$
2. Finding the Fourier transform of $$f(x)$$:
Since $$f(x) = 1$$ for $$|x|<1$$ and 0 elsewhere, the integral reduces to
$$F(\lambda) = \int_{-1}^1 e^{-i \lambda x} dx.$$
3. Evaluating the integral:
Using the integral of an exponential function,
$$F(\lambda) = \left[ \frac{e^{-i \lambda x}}{-i \lambda} \right]_{-1}^1 = \frac{e^{-i \lambda} - e^{i \lambda}}{-i \lambda}.$$
4. Simplify numerator using Euler's formula:
$$e^{-i \lambda} - e^{i \lambda} = -2i \sin \lambda.$$
Substituting back,
$$F(\lambda) = \frac{-2i \sin \lambda}{-i \lambda} = \frac{2 \sin \lambda}{\lambda}.$$
5. Thus, the Fourier transform is
$$\boxed{F(\lambda) = \frac{2 \sin \lambda}{\lambda}}.$$
6. Now, using the Fourier transform, we find
$$\int_0^\infty \frac{\sin \lambda}{\lambda} d\lambda.$$
This integral is a known integral related to the Fourier transform of the rectangle function and equals
$$\frac{\pi}{2}.$$
7. Explanation:
The integral
$$\int_{-\infty}^\infty \frac{\sin \lambda}{\lambda} d\lambda = \pi$$ by the Dirichlet integral.
Since the integrand is even,
$$\int_0^\infty \frac{\sin \lambda}{\lambda} d\lambda = \frac{\pi}{2}.$$
Final answers:
$$F(\lambda) = \frac{2 \sin \lambda}{\lambda}, \quad \int_0^\infty \frac{\sin \lambda}{\lambda} d\lambda = \frac{\pi}{2}.$$