Cosine Variable Separation
1. **State the problem:** Solve the differential equation $$\cos(x)\cos(y) \, dx + \sin(x)\sin(y) \, dy = 0$$.
2. **Separate variables:** Rewrite terms to isolate $dx$ and $dy$:
$$\cos(x)\cos(y) \, dx = -\sin(x)\sin(y) \, dy$$
Divide both sides by $\sin(x)\cos(y)$ (assuming they are nonzero):
$$\frac{\cos(x)}{\sin(x)} \, dx = -\frac{\sin(y)}{\cos(y)} \, dy$$
3. **Integrate both sides:**
$$\int \frac{\cos(x)}{\sin(x)} \, dx = -\int \frac{\sin(y)}{\cos(y)} \, dy$$
Note that $\frac{\cos(x)}{\sin(x)} = \cot(x)$ and $\frac{\sin(y)}{\cos(y)} = \tan(y)$.
So integrals become:
$$\int \cot(x) \, dx = -\int \tan(y) \, dy$$
4. **Evaluate the integrals:**
$$\int \cot(x) \, dx = \ln|\sin(x)| + C_1$$
$$\int \tan(y) \, dy = -\ln|\cos(y)| + C_2$$
Putting it together:
$$\ln|\sin(x)| = \ln|\cos(y)| + C$$
where $C = C_2 - C_1$ is arbitrary constant.
5. **Solve for $y$:**
Subtract $\ln|\cos(y)|$ from both sides:
$$\ln\left| \frac{\sin(x)}{\cos(y)} \right| = C$$
Exponentiate both sides:
$$\left| \frac{\sin(x)}{\cos(y)} \right| = e^{C} = A$$
Assuming $A > 0$, solve for $\cos(y)$:
$$\cos(y) = \frac{\sin(x)}{A}$$
Take inverse cosine to get:
$$y = \arccos \left( \frac{\sin(x)}{A} \right)$$
**Final answer:**
$$y = \arccos \left( \frac{\sin(x)}{A} \right)$$
This represents the implicit general solution of the original differential equation, where $A$ is an arbitrary positive constant.