1. **Stating the problem:** We want to understand what misleading graphs are, including concepts like broken axes, incorrect labeling, and visual exaggeration, with examples. 2. **Definition and theory:** A misleading graph is a visual representation of data that distorts or misrepresents the true information, leading to incorrect conclusions. 3. **Broken axis:** This occurs when a graph's axis skips a range of values to exaggerate differences. For example, if a bar chart's y-axis starts at 50 instead of 0, small differences appear larger. 4. **Example of broken axis:** Suppose sales increased from 52 to 55 units. A graph starting y-axis at 50 will make the increase look dramatic, but the actual increase is only $55 - 52 = 3$ units. 5. **Incorrect labeling:** This happens when axis labels or legends are wrong or misleading, such as swapping categories or using inconsistent units, causing confusion. 6. **Example of incorrect labeling:** Labeling a temperature graph in Celsius but marking the axis as Fahrenheit misleads the viewer about the actual temperature values. 7. **Visual exaggeration:** Using disproportionate sizes, colors, or 3D effects to make differences seem bigger or smaller than they are. 8. **Example of visual exaggeration:** A pie chart where one slice is exploded or enlarged to emphasize a category more than its actual proportion. 9. **Summary:** Always check axis scales, labels, and visual elements critically to avoid being misled by graphs.