1. **Labour Productivity Factors** 1. Labour skill level: Higher skills increase productivity. 2. Work environment: Safe, well-organized sites boost efficiency. 3. Equipment availability: Proper tools speed up tasks. 4. Motivation and morale: Motivated workers perform better. 5. Weather conditions: Adverse weather can slow work. 2. **Strategies to Improve Low Morale Productivity** 1. Provide incentives and recognition. 2. Improve communication and involve workers in decisions. 3. Offer training and development. 4. Ensure fair workload distribution. 5. Create a positive work environment. 3. **Gang Size Definition and Impact** Gang size is the number of workers assigned to a task. Larger gangs can increase output but may cause overcrowding and inefficiency. 4. **Work Methods Differentiation** - Mechanized: Use of machines for tasks. - Semi-mechanized: Combination of manual and machine work. - Manual: Work done entirely by hand. 5. **Purpose and Methods of Measurement** Purpose: To quantify materials and work for planning and cost control. Methods: - Linear measurement (lengths) - Area measurement (surfaces) - Volume measurement (bulk materials) 6. **Supervising Subcontractors Techniques** 1. Regular inspections. 2. Clear communication of standards. 3. Monitoring progress against schedule. 4. Providing feedback and support. 7. **Gang Productivity Calculations** (a) Total productivity per hour: $$3 \times 1.2 + 2 \times 0.5 = 3.6 + 1 = 4.6\, m^2/hr$$ (b) Total hours to complete 40 m²: $$\frac{40}{4.6} \approx 8.7\, hours$$ (c) With 10% productivity increase: New productivity: $$4.6 \times 1.1 = 5.06\, m^2/hr$$ New time: $$\frac{40}{5.06} \approx 7.9\, hours$$ 8. **Net Wall Area and Cost** (a) Wall area: $$18 \times 2.8 = 50.4\, m^2$$ Window area: $$2 \times (1.5 \times 1.2) = 3.6\, m^2$$ Net wall area: $$50.4 - 3.6 = 46.8\, m^2$$ (b) Total cost: $$46.8 \times 14500 = 678600$$ 9. **Coordination Conflicts and Resolutions** (a) Conflicts: - Space clashes between conduits and pipes. - Scheduling conflicts. - Safety hazards due to overlapping tasks. (b) Resolutions: - Plan layout to avoid clashes. - Coordinate schedules. - Enforce safety protocols. 10. **Ethical Issue and Risks** (a) Issue: Bribery and approving substandard materials. (b) Risks: - Contractor: Legal and reputational damage. - Client: Poor quality and safety risks. - Structure: Potential failure and hazards. (c) Correct action: Reject bribe, report issue, ensure quality compliance.