Polar Roots
1. **State the problem:** We want to express the roots of $\left(4-3i\right)^{-\frac{2}{3}}$ in polar form.
2. **Convert the base to polar form:** The complex number $4-3i$ has modulus $r=\sqrt{4^2+(-3)^2}=\sqrt{16+9}=\sqrt{25}=5$.
3. Find the argument $\theta$ using $\tan \theta = \frac{-3}{4}$, so $\theta = \arctan\left(-\frac{3}{4}\right)$, which is in the fourth quadrant, approximately $-0.6435$ radians.
Thus, $4-3i = 5 \left(\cos(-0.6435) + i \sin(-0.6435)\right)$.
4. **Apply the exponent $-{2}/{3}$:** Using De Moivre's theorem,
$$\left(r(\cos \theta + i \sin \theta)\right)^n = r^n \left(\cos(n\theta) + i \sin(n\theta)\right)$$
Here, $n = -\frac{2}{3}$, so
$$\left(4-3i\right)^{-\frac{2}{3}} = 5^{-\frac{2}{3}} \left(\cos\left(-\frac{2}{3} \times -0.6435\right) + i \sin\left(-\frac{2}{3} \times -0.6435\right)\right)$$
5. Calculate the modulus:
$$5^{-\frac{2}{3}} = \frac{1}{5^{2/3}} = \frac{1}{\left(5^{1/3}\right)^2} = \frac{1}{\sqrt[3]{5}^2}$$
6. Calculate the new argument:
$$-\frac{2}{3} \times -0.6435 = 0.4290\, \text{radians}$$
7. **Roots due to multi-valued nature:** For fractional powers, the argument shifts by multiples of $2\pi$ for roots $k=0,1,2$, so
$$\theta_k = 0.4290 + \frac{2\pi k}{3}, \quad k=0,1,2$$
8. **Final polar forms of the roots:**
$$5^{-\frac{2}{3}} \left(\cos \theta_k + i \sin \theta_k\right), \quad k=0,1,2$$
Explicitly,
- For $k=0$: $\theta_0 = 0.4290$
- For $k=1$: $\theta_1 = 0.4290 + \frac{2\pi}{3} \approx 2.5316$
- For $k=2$: $\theta_2 = 0.4290 + \frac{4\pi}{3} \approx 4.6341$
So the three roots in polar form are:
$$\frac{1}{\sqrt[3]{5}^2} \left( \cos(\theta_k) + i \sin(\theta_k) \right), \quad k=0,1,2$$