Complex Solutions
1. **State the problem:** Find all complex numbers $z$ such that $$ (z+1)^3 = (\overline{z} - 2 + \sqrt{3}i)^3. $$
2. **Apply the cube root:** Since both sides are cubes, we equate the bases up to multiplication by a cube root of unity. Let $\omega$ be a cube root of unity, satisfying $\omega^3 = 1$. Then the solutions satisfy
$$ z + 1 = \omega^k (\overline{z} - 2 + \sqrt{3} i) \quad \text{for } k=0,1,2. $$
3. **Case 1: $k=0$**
$$ z + 1 = \overline{z} - 2 + \sqrt{3} i. $$
Let $z = x + yi$, then $\overline{z} = x - yi$. Substitute:
$$ (x + yi) + 1 = (x - yi) - 2 + \sqrt{3} i. $$
Equate real and imaginary parts:
- Real: $x + 1 = x - 2$ which implies $1 = -2$, contradiction. So no solutions in case 1.
4. **Case 2: $k=1$**
$$ z + 1 = \omega (\overline{z} - 2 + \sqrt{3} i). $$
Recall $\omega = e^{2\pi i/3} = -\frac{1}{2} + \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} i$. Write explicitly:
$$ z + 1 = \left(-\frac{1}{2} + \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} i\right)(\overline{z} - 2 + \sqrt{3} i). $$
Let $z = x + yi$, $\overline{z} = x - yi$. The right side is
$$ \left(-\frac{1}{2} + \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} i\right)(x - yi - 2 + \sqrt{3} i). $$
Simplify inside parentheses:
$$ (x - 2) + (-y + \sqrt{3}) i. $$
Multiply:
Real part = $$ -\frac{1}{2} (x - 2) - \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} (-y + \sqrt{3}) = -\frac{x}{2} + 1 + \frac{\sqrt{3} y}{2} - \frac{3}{2}, $$
Imag part = $$ \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} (x - 2) - \frac{1}{2}(-y + \sqrt{3}) = \frac{\sqrt{3} x}{2} - \sqrt{3} + \frac{y}{2} - \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}. $$
Simplify real:
$$ -\frac{x}{2} + 1 + \frac{\sqrt{3} y}{2} - \frac{3}{2} = -\frac{x}{2} + \frac{\sqrt{3} y}{2} - \frac{1}{2}. $$
Simplify imaginary:
$$ \frac{\sqrt{3} x}{2} + \frac{y}{2} - \frac{3\sqrt{3}}{2}. $$
Set left side $z + 1 = (x + 1) + yi$ equal to this:
Equate real parts:
$$ x + 1 = -\frac{x}{2} + \frac{\sqrt{3} y}{2} - \frac{1}{2}, $$
Equate imaginary parts:
$$ y = \frac{\sqrt{3} x}{2} + \frac{y}{2} - \frac{3 \sqrt{3}}{2}. $$
5. **Solve the system:**
From real parts:
$$ x + 1 + \frac{x}{2} = \frac{\sqrt{3} y}{2} - \frac{1}{2}
\implies \frac{3x}{2} + \frac{3}{2} = \frac{\sqrt{3} y}{2}
\implies 3x + 3 = \sqrt{3} y. $$
From imaginary parts:
$$ y - \frac{y}{2} = \frac{\sqrt{3} x}{2} - \frac{3 \sqrt{3}}{2}
\implies \frac{y}{2} = \frac{\sqrt{3} x}{2} - \frac{3 \sqrt{3}}{2}
\implies y = \sqrt{3} x - 3 \sqrt{3}. $$
Substitute $y$ into the first equation:
$$ 3x + 3 = \sqrt{3} (\sqrt{3} x - 3 \sqrt{3}) = 3x - 3 \times 3 = 3x - 9. $$
Then
$$ 3x + 3 = 3x - 9
\implies 3 = -9, $$
contradiction. No solutions for $k=1$.
6. **Case 3: $k=2$**
$$ z + 1 = \omega^2 (\overline{z} - 2 + \sqrt{3} i) $$
where $\omega^2 = e^{4\pi i /3} = -\frac{1}{2} - \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} i$.
Proceed as in case 2:
$$ z + 1 = \left(-\frac{1}{2} - \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} i\right)(x - 2 + (-y + \sqrt{3}) i). $$
Calculate real part:
$$ -\frac{1}{2} (x - 2) + \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} (-y + \sqrt{3}) = -\frac{x}{2} + 1 - \frac{\sqrt{3} y}{2} + \frac{3}{2} = -\frac{x}{2} - \frac{\sqrt{3} y}{2} + \frac{5}{2}. $$
Imaginary part:
$$ -\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} (x - 2) - \frac{1}{2} (-y + \sqrt{3}) = -\frac{\sqrt{3} x}{2} + \sqrt{3} + \frac{y}{2} - \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} = -\frac{\sqrt{3} x}{2} + \frac{y}{2} + \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}. $$
Set equal to $z + 1 = (x + 1) + yi$:
Real:
$$ x + 1 = -\frac{x}{2} - \frac{\sqrt{3} y}{2} + \frac{5}{2}, $$
Imag:
$$ y = -\frac{\sqrt{3} x}{2} + \frac{y}{2} + \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}. $$
7. **Solve system for case 3:**
From real parts:
$$ x + 1 + \frac{x}{2} = -\frac{\sqrt{3} y}{2} + \frac{5}{2}
\implies \frac{3x}{2} + 1 = -\frac{\sqrt{3} y}{2} + \frac{5}{2}
\implies 3x - \sqrt{3} y = 4. $$
From imaginary parts:
$$ y - \frac{y}{2} = -\frac{\sqrt{3} x}{2} + \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}
\implies \frac{y}{2} = -\frac{\sqrt{3} x}{2} + \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}
\implies y = -\sqrt{3} x + \sqrt{3}. $$
Substitute $y$ into the first equation:
$$ 3x - \sqrt{3} (-\sqrt{3} x + \sqrt{3}) = 4
\implies 3x + 3x - 3 = 4
\implies 6x = 7
\implies x = \frac{7}{6}. $$
Then
$$ y = -\sqrt{3} \times \frac{7}{6} + \sqrt{3} = \sqrt{3} \left(1 - \frac{7}{6}\right) = \sqrt{3} \times \left(-\frac{1}{6}\right) = -\frac{\sqrt{3}}{6}. $$
8. **Final answer:**
$$ z = x + yi = \frac{7}{6} - \frac{\sqrt{3}}{6} i. $$
No other solutions exist.
**Summary:** The only complex solution to the given equation is $$ z = \frac{7}{6} - \frac{\sqrt{3}}{6} i. $$