Orthogonal Trajectories
1. The problem asks to find and graph the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves given by $$x^2 - y^2 = c_1$$.
2. The given family of curves satisfies the implicit equation $$x^2 - y^2 = c_1$$, where $$c_1$$ is a constant.
3. Differentiate implicitly with respect to $$x$$:
$$2x - 2y \frac{dy}{dx} = 0$$
which gives
$$\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{x}{y}$$.
4. Orthogonal trajectories have slopes that are negative reciprocals of the original family, so
$$\frac{dy}{dx}_{\perp} = -\frac{y}{x}$$.
5. Rewrite the differential equation for the orthogonal trajectories:
$$\frac{dy}{dx} = -\frac{y}{x}$$
which can be rearranged as
$$\frac{dy}{y} = -\frac{dx}{x}$$.
6. Integrate both sides:
$$\int \frac{dy}{y} = -\int \frac{dx}{x}$$
which yields
$$\ln|y| = -\ln|x| + \ln|c_2|$$
where $$c_2$$ is a constant of integration.
7. Simplify the logarithmic expression:
$$\ln|y| + \ln|x| = \ln|c_2|$$
which implies
$$\ln|xy| = \ln|c_2|$$
and therefore
$$xy = c_2$$.
8. The orthogonal trajectories are the family of rectangular hyperbolas given by
$$xy = c_2$$.
9. To graph the orthogonal trajectories similar to the circles and lines in problem 2, plot the curves $$xy = c_2$$ for various values of $$c_2$$. These hyperbolas intersect the original family $$x^2 - y^2 = c_1$$ orthogonally.