Composite Convexity
Problem: Determine which of the following compositions are convex or concave for $x \ge 0$: $f(x)=x^3$, $g(x)=x^2$, $h(x)=x^{1/3}$.
1. Compute $f(g(x))$.
$f(g(x)) = (x^2)^3 = x^6$.
The second derivative is $\frac{d^2}{dx^2}x^6 = 30x^4 \ge 0$ for $x \ge 0$.
Hence A is convex.
2. Compute $g(f(x))$.
$g(f(x)) = (x^3)^2 = x^6$.
The second derivative is the same, $30x^4 \ge 0$ for $x \ge 0$.
Hence B is convex.
3. Compute $h(f(x))$.
$h(f(x)) = (x^3)^{1/3} = x$ for $x \ge 0$.
A linear function is both convex and concave, so C is convex (true).
4. Compute $f(h(x))$.
$f(h(x)) = (x^{1/3})^3 = x$ for $x \ge 0$.
Again this is linear and therefore concave as well, so D is true.
5. Compute $h(g(x))$.
$h(g(x)) = (x^2)^{1/3} = x^{2/3}$ for $x \ge 0$.
The first derivative is $\frac{d}{dx}x^{2/3} = \frac{2}{3}x^{-1/3}$.
The second derivative is $\frac{d^2}{dx^2}x^{2/3} = -\frac{2}{9}x^{-4/3} \le 0$ for $x>0$.
Therefore $x^{2/3}$ is concave on $(0,\infty)$ and concave on $[0,\infty)$ in the usual sense, so E is true.
Conclusion: All statements A, B, C, D, E are correct.