1. The user has listed multiple topics for a final exam review in MA 1000, including ratios, proportions, percents, linear and quadratic equations, interest problems, set theory, counting principles, probability, and statistics. 2. Since the user did not ask a specific question but provided a list of topics, I will solve the first distinct problem type mentioned: Applications of Ratios, Proportions, and Percents (word problems). 3. Problem: Suppose a recipe requires 3 cups of flour for every 4 cups of sugar. If you want to make a batch using 12 cups of sugar, how many cups of flour do you need? 4. Formula: Use the proportion rule: $\frac{\text{flour}}{\text{sugar}} = \frac{3}{4}$. 5. Set up the proportion with the known sugar amount: $\frac{x}{12} = \frac{3}{4}$ where $x$ is the flour needed. 6. Solve for $x$ by cross-multiplying: $4x = 3 \times 12$. 7. Simplify: $4x = 36$. 8. Divide both sides by 4: $x = \frac{36}{4} = 9$. 9. Answer: You need 9 cups of flour to maintain the ratio when using 12 cups of sugar. 10. Explanation: Ratios compare quantities, and proportions state that two ratios are equal. By setting up a proportion, we can find an unknown quantity that maintains the same ratio.