Polynomial Basics
1. The problem asks us to identify terms and concepts related to polynomials and complete tables about polynomial equations and functions.
2. Definitions:
1. Polynomial: It is formed with variables, exponents, and coefficients.
2. Standard Form: It is arranged from the highest exponent to the lowest exponent.
3. Leading Term: It is the term with the highest exponent.
4. Leading Coefficient: It is the numerical coefficient of the leading term.
5. Degree: It is the highest exponent in the expression.
6. Fundamental Theorem of Algebra: States "If P(x) is a polynomial equation of degree n and with real coefficients, then it has at most n real roots."
7. Polynomial Function General Form: $P(x) = a_n x^n + a_{n-1} x^{n-1} + \cdots + a_1 x + a_0$
8. Other notation: Sometimes denoted as $f(x)$ or simply a polynomial expression.
9. Turning Points: Points where the graph changes direction from increasing to decreasing or vice versa.
10. Number of Turning Points: It is dictated by the degree and is at most $n-1$ for degree $n$.
11. Roots/Zeros: Values of $x$ when $y=0$.
12. Y-intercept: The value of $y$ when $x=0$.
13.-16. End Behavior:
- Degree even & Leading Coefficient positive: Both ends of graph rise.
- Degree odd & Leading Coefficient negative: Left end rises, right end falls.
- Degree odd & Leading Coefficient positive: Left end falls, right end rises.
- Degree even & Leading Coefficient negative: Both ends of graph fall.
17-20. Four considerations for sketching polynomial graph:
17. Degree of the polynomial
18. Leading coefficient (sign and magnitude)
19. Roots and their multiplicities
20. Number of turning points / behavior of graph
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II. Complete the tables:
A. Polynomial Equations:
1. $(x-3)(x+3)(x-2)=0$
- Degree: 3 (since product of 3 linear factors)
- Type of equation: Polynomial Equation
- Leading term: $x^3$
- Leading coefficient: 1
- Constant term: $-3 \times 3 \times (-2) = 18$
- Roots/Real Roots: 3 real roots at $x=3, -3, 2$
2. $x(x-1)(2x-1)=0$
- Degree: 3
- Type: Polynomial Equation
- Leading term: $2x^{3}$ (from $x \times x \times 2x$)
- Leading coefficient: 2
- Constant term: 0 (no constant term after expansion)
- Roots/Real Roots: 3 real roots at $x=0, 1, \frac{1}{2}$
B. Polynomial Functions:
1. $y=-x^3 + 2x^2 - 2x + 4$
- Leading coefficient: Negative (-1)
- Degree: 3 (odd)
- Left-hand behavior: Rises (since negative odd degree left end rises)
- Right-hand behavior: Falls
- Number of turning points: At most 2 (degree 3, max $3-1=2$)
2. $y=2x^{4} - 3x^{3} - 18x^{2} + 6x + 28$
- Leading coefficient: Positive (2)
- Degree: 4 (even)
- Left-hand behavior: Rises
- Right-hand behavior: Rises
- Number of turning points: At most 3
C. Degree of Polynomial and Type:
1. Degree 1: Linear
2. Degree 2: Quadratic
3. Degree 3: Cubic
4. Degree 4: Quartic
5. Degree 5: Quintic
6. Degree $n > 5$: Higher-degree polynomial
D. Behavior of the Graph Summary:
- $n$ even, $a_n$ positive: Both ends up (rising)
- $n$ even, $a_n$ negative: Both ends down (falling)
- $n$ odd, $a_n$ positive: Left down, right up (falls then rises)
- $n$ odd, $a_n$ negative: Left up, right down (rises then falls)
Final answer consists of these definitions and tables filled accordingly.